This photograph shows empty fresh-food refrigerators at an Intermarché supermarket in Névez, western France, on October 12, 2026, following a cyberattack affecting the French supermarket chains Intermarché and Cooperative U that caused their refrigerators to defrost. Some 150 to 200 Intermarché stores were targeted in the attack on October 12, 2026, along with nearly 100 Coopérative U outlets, the retailers said. BFM TV reported that rival giant E. Leclerc was also affected, with hackers "managing to remotely trigger the forced defrosting of refrigeration systems in numerous stores." (Photo by Fred TANNEAU / AFP via Getty Images)

(COMBO) This combination of pictures created on October 12, 2026 shows L/R an undated handout photo obtained from The Hoover Institution at Stanford University showing Robert Hall, economics professor at Stanford University and the Robert and Carol McNeil Endowed Professor in Economics and Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, and an undated handout photo obtained from Columbia University showing Michael Woodford, the John Bates Clark Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University. Americans Robert Hall and Michael Woodford were awarded the Nobel economics prize on October 12, 2026, for their work on how monetary and fiscal policy can better stabilise disruptive economic fluctuations. The two were honoured for developing new models for managing recessions and other crises that fail to respond to traditional tools (Photo by Handout / various sources / AFP via Getty Images) / RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / The Hoover Institution at Stanford University / COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY" - HANDOUT - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS

Options traders, including Marty Handler, foreground, and Matt Hefter, right, work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange, Thursday, Oct. 8, 2026, in New York. (AP Photo/Yuki Iwamura)

(FILES) This photograph shows a Super U supermarket in Beziers, Southern France, taken on September 24, 2026. Major French supermarket chains Intermarche and Cooperative U were hit by a cyberattack that caused their refrigerators to defrost, the two retailers told AFP on October 12, 2026. Some 150-200 Intermarche shops were targeted, along with almost 100 Cooperative U outlets, in the attack, they said. BFM TV said France's largest supermarket chain E. Leclerc was also affected, with hackers "managing to remotely trigger the forced defrosting of the refrigeration systems in numerous stores". Contacted by AFP, E. Leclerc did not immediately confirm the information. (Photo by Gabriel BOUYS / AFP via Getty Images)

(FILES) This photograph shows the logo of French supermarket Leclerc on a company store in Beziers, southern France, on Mars 30, 2025. Major French supermarket chains Intermarche and Cooperative U were hit by a cyberattack that caused their refrigerators to defrost, the two retailers told AFP on October 12, 2026. Some 150-200 Intermarche shops were targeted, along with almost 100 Cooperative U outlets, in the attack, they said. BFM TV said France's largest supermarket chain E. Leclerc was also affected, with hackers "managing to remotely trigger the forced defrosting of the refrigeration systems in numerous stores". Contacted by AFP, E. Leclerc did not immediately confirm the information. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP via Getty Images)

(FILES) This photograph shows a Super U supermarket logo on caddies in Beziers, Southern France, taken on September 24, 2026. Major French supermarket chains Intermarche and Cooperative U were hit by a cyberattack that caused their refrigerators to defrost, the two retailers told AFP on October 12, 2026. Some 150-200 Intermarche shops were targeted, along with almost 100 Cooperative U outlets, in the attack, they said. BFM TV said France's largest supermarket chain E. Leclerc was also affected, with hackers "managing to remotely trigger the forced defrosting of the refrigeration systems in numerous stores". Contacted by AFP, E. Leclerc did not immediately confirm the information. (Photo by Gabriel BOUYS / AFP via Getty Images)

This undated handout photo obtained on October 12, 2026, from Columbia University shows Michael Woodford, the John Bates Clark Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University. Americans Robert Hall and Michael Woodford were awarded the Nobel economics prize on October 12, 2026, for their work on how monetary and fiscal policy can better stabilise disruptive economic fluctuations. The two were honoured for developing new models for managing recessions and other crises that fail to respond to traditional tools. (Photo by Handout / Columbia University / AFP via Getty Images) / RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY" - HANDOUT - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS

This undated handout photo obtained on October 12, 2026, from Columbia University shows Michael Woodford, the John Bates Clark Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University. Americans Robert Hall and Michael Woodford were awarded the Nobel economics prize on October 12, 2026, for their work on how monetary and fiscal policy can better stabilise disruptive economic fluctuations. The two were honoured for developing new models for managing recessions and other crises that fail to respond to traditional tools. (Photo by Handout / Columbia University / AFP via Getty Images) / RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT "AFP PHOTO / COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY" - HANDOUT - NO MARKETING NO ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS - DISTRIBUTED AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS